| | ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ︵Isaac Newton︶ 1643 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 1 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 4 ᠳᠤ ᠮᠡᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ | 1727 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 31 ᠨᠠᠰᠣ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠢᠩᠭᠧᠯᠠᠨᠳ᠋ ᠤ᠊ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ᠂ | ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ | ᠮᠦᠨᠴᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ | ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ 1687 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡᠯ ︽ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ︾ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ | ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠣᠷᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠹᠢᠽᠢᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠮᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠺᠧᠫᠯᠧᠷ | ᠤᠨ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ ᠮᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠣᠳᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠨ᠂ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ | ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠷᠣᠮᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ | ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠵᠢᠩᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ | ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠠ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠳᠡᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠬᠦᠨᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠮ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠣ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ | ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠯᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ | ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠳᠭᠦᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠣ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ | ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠬᠦᠳᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠭᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ | ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠳᠣᠴᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ | ᠠᠯᠬᠤᠮ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠣ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠴᠣᠮᠬᠠᠳᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ | ᠲᠣᠰᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠵᠣ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ | ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ᠂ ᠣᠭ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠯᠨ | ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ | 2005 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠬᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ︽ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠣᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ | ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠯᠡ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ | ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠧᠷᠲ · ᠠᠶᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠠᠯᠮᠣᠷᠠᠳ ᠣᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠯᠪᠡ | ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠮᠣᠷᠠᠳ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠠᠩᠨᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠠᠵᠣ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠬᠢᠨ | ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠨᠡᠳᠳᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠠᠰᠬᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠣ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠯᠪᠡ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ ᠤ᠊ ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠭᠤᠰ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠣᠷᠣᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠄ 1666 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠺᠠᠮᠪᠧᠷᠵ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠰᠠᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠯᠢᠨᠺᠧᠨ ᠮᠣᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ | ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠰᠣᠯᠠ ᠠᠯᠬᠤᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠣ᠂ ᠠᠯᠮᠣᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠠᠯᠮᠣᠷᠠᠳ | ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠰᠢᠭ᠋ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠤᠷᠢᠭ | ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠵᠣ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠶᠣᠮ ᠪᠢᠵᠡ ᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᠶᠢᠮᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ | ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠵᠣ᠂ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠹᠷᠠᠨᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠧᠹ · ᠯᠠᠭᠷᠠᠩᠭᠧ | Joseph · Lagrange ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠯᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠰ | ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠵᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠷᠲᠢᠨᠴᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ | ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠥᠥ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠬᠠᠨ | ᠬᠦᠩᠭᠡᠮᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ 1676 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠥᠪᠧᠷᠲ · ᠬᠤᠺ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ | ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠣᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠲᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠄ ᠬᠡᠷᠪᠡ ᠨᠠᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠠᠯᠣᠰ ᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢ ᠠᠪᠣᠷᠭᠤᠴᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠣᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠡᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢ | ᠢᠪᠴᠥᠥ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠷᠬᠦᠯᠵᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠲᠣᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠯᠠᠶᠢᠪᠨᠢᠽᠢ ︵Leibniz︶ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠤᠺ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠢᠯᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶᠠ | ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠣᠮᠳᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠣᠬᠡᠨ | ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠡᠳᠣ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠡᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠺ · ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ | ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠮᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠳᠦᠷ ᠨᠢᠷᠣᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠺ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠷᠣᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠩᠭᠡᠮᠰᠦᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠳᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ | ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠯᠳᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ | ᠤ ᠪᠣᠰᠣᠳ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠭᠡᠯᠴᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ | ᠴᠣᠮᠬᠠᠳᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠡᠮᠡᠭᠦᠷᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠯᠳᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ | ᠪᠦᠷ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠶᠠᠭᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠣ᠋ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠳᠠᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠩ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠣᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠰᠣ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ 1727 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ 31 ᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠯᠣᠨᠳᠣᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ | ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠰᠣ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠴᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠸᠢᠰᠲᠮᠢᠨᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠨ | ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠮᠦᠩᠭᠦᠨ ᠣᠰᠣ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠷᠢᠯᠦ ᠪᠠᠱᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ | ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠳᠡᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠠᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠪᠠ | ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠯᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ | ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠢ ᠱᠣᠭᠤᠮᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠰᠬᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠳᠣ | ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠧᠺᠰᠠᠨᠳᠠᠷ · ᠫᠣᠫᠧ ︵Alexander Pope︶ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠦᠭᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠰᠦ ᠨᠢ᠄ ︽ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠳᠤ | ᠲᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠢᠪᠠᠢ᠃ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠯᠰᠣᠨ ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡᠷᠦᠨ᠂ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠶᠠᠪᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠠᠷᠠᠢ︕ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ | ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠳᠦᠪᠡᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠲᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷ᠄ | ︽ᠹᠯᠦᠺᠰᠢᠨᠰ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ︾ ︵Fluxions арга︶ 1671᠃ | ︽ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ︾ 1684᠃ | ︽ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ︾ 1687᠃ | ︽ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ︾ 1704᠃ | ︽ᠵᠣᠭᠤᠰ ᠴᠢᠳᠬᠤᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠳᠡ | ︾ 1701－1725᠃ ︽ᠲᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠬᠦᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ︾ 1707᠃ | ︽ᠲᠦᠭᠦᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠣᠬᠡ︾᠂ ︽ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠧᠮ︾᠂ ︽ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ | ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠯᠣᠮᠵᠢ︾᠂ ︽ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠩᠳᠣ ᠣᠯᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠡᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ︾ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ︽De mundi systemate︾ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ 1728 | ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ︽ᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠳᠡᠭᠦᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠤᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠯ︾ 1754᠂ | ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ | | ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠬᠦᠦ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠨᠠᠮᠤᠷ | ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠤᠷᠢᠬᠠᠨ |