| | ᠴᠠᠷᠯᠢᠰ · ᠷᠦᠪᠧᠷᠲ · ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ︵查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文᠂ Charles | Robert Darwin︶ 1809 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 2 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 12－1882 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 19 | ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ | ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣᠵᠣ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠨᠣᠳᠠᠯᠠᠯ | ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣᠨ᠂ ᠪᠣᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠴᠣ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠴᠠᠦ᠃ 1930 ᠭᠠᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ | ᠨᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠮᠡ ᠬᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠣᠳᠣ | ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠢᠯᠳᠣ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠩᠬᠦᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠳᠢᠨᠪᠦᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ︵Edinburgh︶ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠰᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠠᠮᠪᠧᠷᠵ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠪᠠ᠃ | ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠸᠢᠭᠧᠯ ︵Beagle︶ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠴᠨ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠣᠬᠤ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠳᠣ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠩᠭᠯᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ︽ᠪᠸᠢᠭᠧᠯ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ︾ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠳᠣ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ | | ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠣᠮᠳᠠ ᠬᠤᠷᠠᠮᠳᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠵᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠦᠪᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ | ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠵᠣ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ 1838 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠢᠯᠳᠡ ︵ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ︶ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ | ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠨᠣ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠ | ᠨᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1858 ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳ ᠸᠠᠯᠯᠠᠽᠧ ︵Wallace华莱士︶ | ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢᠪᠳᠣᠷ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡᠯ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠭᠴᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠭᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 1859 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ︽ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ︾ ︵物种起源︶ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠳᠠᠰ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠴᠣ᠂ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦ | ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯ ᠵᠦᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠳᠣᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠭᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠰᠡᠬᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ︽ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠳᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ︾ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ︽ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ | ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ | ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠣᠷᠢᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠣᠷᠭᠤᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠣᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠲᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠨ | ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠰᠡᠬᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠷᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠰᠦ ᠰᠢᠷᠣᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ | ᠤ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯᠳᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠣᠷᠠᠰᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ | ᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠣ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠲᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠳᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠦ᠋ᠲ᠋ᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠶᠣᠬᠠᠨ · ᠾᠧᠷᠱᠢᠶᠡᠯ ︵John · | Herschel︶ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠩᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠵᠠᠭᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠣᠯᠭᠤᠮᠵᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃ | ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ | 1835 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ᠄ ︽ᠾᠧᠩᠰᠯᠦᠸᠧ ︵Henslow︶ ᠫᠷᠣᠹᠧᠰᠰᠣᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠯᠠᠯ︾ 《给亨斯洛教授的信件之摘要》（Extracts from | letters to Professor Henslow）᠃ | 1836 ︽ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠲ᠋ᠢ ︵Tahiti︶ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠽᠢᠯᠠᠬᠳ᠋ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠢ | ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠯᠳᠡ︾ ︵大溪地与新西兰等地区的道德状况报告᠂ A | LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, | NEW ZEALAND, &c. – BY CAPT. R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, | ESQ. OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'︶ | 1839 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠰᠢᠬᠦᠮᠵᠢ︾ ︵纪录与评论᠂ Journal and | Remarks︶ ᠲᠣᠰ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ︽ᠪᠧᠭᠯᠧ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ︽ | ᠪᠧᠭᠯᠧ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢᠳᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠯ︾᠂ ︵贝格尔号之旅的动物 | 学᠂ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle︶ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠣᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠣᠰᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢᠳ 1839 ᠠᠴᠠ 1843 ᠣᠨ ᠤ | ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠣᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠠᠷᠯᠢ · ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ | ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠣᠢ 1840 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠄ ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠠᠨ | ᠤ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠵᠢᠮᠠᠯ︾ ᠪᠠ 1839 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︽ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ᠄ ᠬᠦᠬᠦᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠠᠨ︾ | ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᠠ᠃ | 1842 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠱᠢᠷᠣᠨ ᠪᠣᠱᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠴᠡ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠳᠠ︾ ︵珊瑚礁的结构与 | 分布᠂ The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs︶ | 1844 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠭᠠᠯᠳᠣ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠳᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ︾ ︵火山群岛 | 的地质观察᠂ Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands︶ | 1846 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ︾ ︵南美地质观察 | ᠂ Geological Observations on South America︶ 1849 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ | ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠯ︾ ︵地质学᠂ Geology︶ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠮᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠪᠣᠢ᠃ | | ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠬᠦᠦ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠨᠠᠮᠤᠷ | ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠤᠷᠢᠬᠠᠨ |