| | ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠳᠥ ᠣᠳᠡᠭᠠᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠭᠤᠴᠡᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ homosapiens ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ ︽ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ | ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠡᠨ︾ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ ︽ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠠᠷᠡᠯᠵᠢᠬᠤ︾ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠡᠶᠡᠭᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢ ︽ | ᠦᠭᠬᠦᠭᠳᠠᠬᠦᠨ︾ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠰᠢ ᠶᠠᠭᠡᠪᠠᠷ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯᠵᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠦ ︽ | ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠡᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠᠰᠢᠭ᠍ᠰᠡᠨ︾ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠯᠳᠠᠪ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠯ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠲᠠᠨᠳᠡ ᠴᠣᠬᠤᠯᠵᠡᠳᠠᠬ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ᠂ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠴᠡᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠤᠨᠣᠷ ᠲᠣᠯᠢᠨᠭᠤᠷ᠂ | ᠦᠨᠦᠷᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠡᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ᠂ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠦᠮᠴᠢ︾ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠭᠤᠯᠡᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠬᠤ | ᠡᠪᠠᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠷᠪᠡᠭᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠪᠤᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠲᠡᠭᠴᠢᠨ ︽ᠱᠣᠯᠣᠮ | ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ︾ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠪᠢᠯᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠤᠬ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠱᠣᠩ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠴᠦ ᠰᠤᠨᠣᠰᠳᠡᠵᠥ ᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ᠃ | ᠨᠠᠭᠡᠷᠠᠨ ᠴᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠳᠤᠲᠤᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠳᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ | ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ | ᠮᠠᠳᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠮᠰᠢᠬᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ︽ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠳᠡᠭ︾ ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠬᠦᠢ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠭᠡᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠡᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠴᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠮᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠤᠷᠤ ᠠᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ | ᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠪᠴᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ︽ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠤ︾ ᠡᠵᠠᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠭᠡ | ᠴᠡᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠴᠡᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠴᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠦᠦ | ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠴᠡᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠪᠤᠳᠣᠳᠠᠬ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ | ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠡᠷᠢᠯᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠩᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠳᠠᠬ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠵᠠᠯᠠᠬᠦ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠷᠳᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠳᠡᠪᠠᠭ᠋ᠣ ᠦᠷᠢᠰᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠶᠡᠮᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ︽ᠦᠴᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ︾ | ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠷᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠴᠠᠯᠳᠣᠵᠦ᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠲᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠦ ᠰᠥᠷᠬᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠵᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠷᠰᠠᠬ ᠡᠪᠰᠡᠭ ᠠᠬ ᠠ᠋ | ᠳᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠥ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠪᠤᠳᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠲᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ︾ ᠴᠦ | ᠬᠦᠷᠴᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠣᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ | 1 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ | ᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠭᠤ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ︽ᠲᠥᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠲᠦ︾ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠭᠡᠯᠴᠠᠭᠡᠨ ᠤ | ᠳᠤᠲᠤᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠴᠢᠮᠡᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠡᠯᠠᠭᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠡᠷᠪᠢᠬ ᠣᠷᠰᠢᠬ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ | ᠮᠡᠭᠠᠳ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠡᠶᠠᠷᠬᠦ ᠰᠥᠷᠬᠦ ᠡᠯᠳᠠᠪ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠡᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠶᠡᠮᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠨᠡᠯ ᠵᠥᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠠ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠰᠥ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠯᠭᠡ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠡᠰᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠨᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠦᠵᠠᠯ | ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ᠂ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠵᠦ ︽ᠰᠡᠨᠡᠯ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ︾ ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ | ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ᠃ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠳᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠰᠪᠤᠷᠢ | ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠢᠶᠡᠷᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠵᠥᠢᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠵᠦ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ | ᠣᠨᠤᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠵᠥᠷᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠰᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠴᠢᠭᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠠ᠂ | ᠳᠥᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠣᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠥ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ᠂ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ᠂ ᠠᠵᠢᠬᠯᠡᠯᠲᠠ | ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠭᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠥᠷᠡᠮᠵᠢ᠂ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠵᠠᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠡᠨ ᠠᠳᠡᠯᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠥ | ᠠᠰᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠲᠤᠷᠰᠢᠯᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ︾ ᠣᠷᠤᠯᠴᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠠᠴᠠ᠃ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ | ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠠ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ( ᠮ᠊᠂ ᠺᠷᠣᠽᠧ ) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ | ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠳᠡᠬᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠷᠳᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ( ᠣ᠊᠂ ᠠᠳᠡᠮᠰ )᠂ ᠭᠡᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠵᠥ | ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠡᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠳᠡᠨᠠ [ ᠠ᠊᠂ ᠨᠢᠴᠢᠹᠤᠷᠤ᠋ ] | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ [ 32.13 ]᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠡᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ | ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠰᠤᠷᠥ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠵᠥ᠂ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ | ᠲᠡᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠯᠡᠪᠰᠢᠷᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠵᠠᠭᠡᠶᠢᠷᠠᠵᠦ᠂ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠴᠡ᠂ ︽ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠡᠰ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠥ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠯᠦ ᠠᠩᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠭᠡᠨ ︽ | ᠣᠣᠭᠠᠯ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ︾ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠷᠭᠡᠢ ᠠᠮᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠷᠡᠯᠳᠤᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠠᠴᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ | ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠵᠥᠪᠭᠡᠨ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠥ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠴᠢ ᠫ᠊᠂ ᠪᠧᠭᠪᠢ ︽ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ︾ ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋᠊᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠺᠢᠨᠰᠣᠨ ︽ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ | ᠪᠤᠯ 10000 – ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠵᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠩᠭᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ︾ [ 32.22 ] ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ᠃ ᠭᠡᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ | ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠡᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷᠠ ᠳ᠋ᠥᠩ ᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢ | ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠲᠡᠭᠠᠵᠥ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ 32.22 ]᠂ ᠬ᠋ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ | ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠰᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠢᠯ᠂ ᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯᠦᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠵᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯ᠂ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠲᠣᠣᠷᠡᠳᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠤ᠂ | ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠷᠠᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠨᠳᠤᠳᠠᠬ᠂ ᠠᠰᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠦᠷᠦᠭᠡᠰᠦᠯᠠᠯ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ︽ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ | ᠦᠨᠠᠨᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ︾ ᠰᠤᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠮᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠭᠡᠯᠴᠠᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠬᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠴᠢᠵᠥ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠪᠠᠯ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ – ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠠᠨ ᠫ᠊᠂ ᠰᠣᠷᠣᠺᠢᠨ᠂ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠴᠢ ᠠ᠊ ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠨᠪᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠬᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠮᠡᠷ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ᠂ ︽ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠩᠬᠢ︾ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦ | ᠠᠵᠢᠬᠯᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠢᠯᠡᠩᠭᠤᠶᠠ ᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠤ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢ ᠪ᠊᠂ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠤᠨ᠂ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ | ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠴᠢ ᠪ᠊᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ | ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠣᠳᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ᠃ | ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ︽ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ( ᠱᠡᠷ ) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠴᠦ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠡᠪᠠᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠᠳᠠᠬ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠣᠮᠤᠬ ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ | ᠪᠢᠯᠠ ᠦᠦ᠂ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠮᠡᠰ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠵᠠᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠢᠬᠳᠡᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ | ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ | ᠠᠩᠵᠡᠭᠠᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠰᠡᠨᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠯᠡᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠬ᠊᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠲᠡᠢ ︽ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠦ ︽ᠰᠥᠷᠬᠦᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡᠨ︾ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠭᠤᠷᠮᠡᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠵᠢᠩᠭᠢᠨᠢ | ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠦ ᠯᠠ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠴᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ︾ [ 32.441 ] ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠨᠢ ᠰᠥᠷᠠᠭᠡᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠬ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ︾᠂ ︽ᠲᠠᠳᠡ | ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠥᠴᠠᠭᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠴᠠᠭᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬ᠋ᠤᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠬᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠡᠵᠥ᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠤᠮᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠵᠥ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠶᠢᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠡᠯ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠦᠦ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠦᠦ︖ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠬᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠢᠳᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ | ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠬᠰᠢᠯᠡᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠳᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠴᠡᠯ | ᠳᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠲᠣᠰᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠨᠠ ᠴᠠᠨᠠᠲᠥ ᠵᠥᠢᠯᠠᠰ᠂ ᠡᠳ᠋ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠢᠯᠠᠳᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ᠂ ᠣᠯᠣᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠣᠯᠲᠠ | ᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠤᠲᠡᠭᠤ ᠦᠨᠠᠯᠠᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠨᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠲᠡᠬᠳᠡᠯ᠂ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠵᠢ ᠦᠵᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠨᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ [ 31.511 ]᠂ | ᠳ᠋ᠣᠺᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠭ᠊᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠤᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠮᠨᠡᠯ ᠢ ︽ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ – ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠡᠷ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠬᠠᠬᠳᠡᠬᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠦᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠵᠥᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠪᠰᠢᠬᠦᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠠᠨ ᠸ᠊᠂ ᠢ᠊᠂ ᠸᠧᠷᠨᠡᠳᠡᠰᠺᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ︽ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠯᠢ᠂ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠩ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠩᠳᠡᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠳᠬᠢᠵᠥ | ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠡᠬᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ︾ ᠰᠡᠨᠡᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠰᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯᠵᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠣᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠯᠴᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠯ ᠠᠵᠥ | ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠣᠷᠡᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠪᠠᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠦᠪ ᠰᠡᠩ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠨ | ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠴᠢᠯᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠭᠤᠰᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ [ 24. | 405 – 419 ]᠂ | 2 ᠳ᠋ᠣᠭᠠᠷ | ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠡᠲ᠋ᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠨ ᠤ civilis ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠬᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤ | ᠬᠦᠲᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠣᠳᠥ ᠪᠠᠷᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠥᠭᠡᠮᠠᠯ ᠳᠤᠬᠢᠶᠡᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠬ civilian ( ᠣᠷᠤᠰ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠥ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ civil | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠣᠭᠠᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠡᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠦᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ civil | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠷᠲᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠥᠮ ᠠ᠋ ᠬᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠱᠡᠪᠢᠯᠠᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠳᠤ | ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠢᠶᠡᠷᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠮᠡᠨᠡᠶᠢᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠢᠳᠠᠬ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠠᠴᠥ civilis ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠠᠰᠤᠷᠥ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠼᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠴᠢ ᠯ᠊᠂ ᠹᠧᠪᠷ ︽ᠭᠡᠷᠪᠠ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠼᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠶᠠ | ᠭᠡᠪᠠᠯ ᠦᠨᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ 18 ᠳ᠋ᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠨᠦᠳᠦᠷ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯᠠᠬᠢ᠂ ᠳᠣᠮᠳᠡᠭᠤᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠽᠢᠴᠤᠳ | ᠤᠨ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠰᠡᠨᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠲᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠵᠠᠭᠡᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠱᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ | ᠢ ᠰᠠᠷᠬᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠬᠠᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠵᠡᠢ [ 32.10 ]᠂ | ᠡᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠷᠤᠮᠡᠴᠤᠳ ᠦᠪᠠᠷᠰᠠᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ᠂ | ᠢᠯᠡᠩᠭᠤᠶᠠ ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠡᠨ᠂ ᠺᠧᠯᠲ ᠣᠪᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠪᠠᠷᠣᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ︽ᠫᠠᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ︾ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠳᠠᠯᠠ | ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠣᠪᠤᠬ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠷᠸᠢᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠪᠠ ᠨᠣᠲᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ | ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠴᠤᠭᠤᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠬᠴᠢ civilis – ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠰᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ︽ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠳᠠᠬ︾ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ civilis ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ | ᠡᠬᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨᠲᠡ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠵᠥ ᠠᠪᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠴᠣᠬᠤᠮ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠣᠯᠵᠥ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠠ ᠣᠳᠥ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠡᠳ | ᠡᠰᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠬᠤᠶᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠢᠨᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠳᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ | civilis ᠪᠤᠰᠥ ᠪᠠᠷᠪᠠᠷᠣᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ︽ᠭᠧᠷᠮᠡᠨᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ | ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠠ ( 67 – 70 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ) ᠦᠪᠠᠷᠰᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠯᠡᠭᠤᠯᠳᠠᠬ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ 18 ᠳ᠋ᠣᠭᠠᠷ – 19 ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋ᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠦ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ︽ᠨᠧᠮᠧᠼ︾ ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠯᠡᠯᠡᠭᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠯᠠ ᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠳᠡ ᠬ᠋ᠤᠲᠣᠵᠤ | ᠬ᠋ᠤᠳᠤᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠮᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠯᠬᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠢᠷᠳᠢᠨᠴᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ | ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠪᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠨᠳᠢᠪ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠷᠡᠳ ᠵᠤᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠳ᠋ᠠ︾ ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠮᠠ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠵᠥ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠮᠡᠨ | ᠤ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠡᠪᠢᠯᠡᠩ ᠢ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠵᠦ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠨ | ᠳᠣᠭᠤᠭᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠬᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠣᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠬᠦᠢ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠦᠨᠠᠨ | ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠶᠡᠳᠡᠭᠤ ᠲᠣᠷᠣᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ | ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠡᠬᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠣᠶᠤᠨᠯᠢᠬ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠥ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠡᠯᠳᠣᠯ | ᠪᠢᠰᠢᠬᠦᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠠᠵᠢᠬᠯᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ᠃ | ᠡᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠨᠠᠳᠭᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠪᠤᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠥ ᠯᠡᠮᠠ ᠷᠡᠳᠨᠡᠮᠡᠨᠲ᠋ᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠸᠧᠢ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ | ᠯᠥᠸᠧᠶᠡᠩ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠡᠨᠠ ᠠᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠠᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠡᠩ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠲᠦ ᠰᠥᠮᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷᠵᠢᠨ | ᠭ᠋ᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠦᠭᠡᠷᠦᠯᠳᠠᠭᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠬᠢᠷᠣᠬᠴᠢ ᠼᠢᠮᠤ᠋ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠢᠸᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠠᠨ ᠷᠡᠳᠨᠡᠮᠡᠨᠲ᠋ᠢ ᠳᠤ | ᠭ᠋ᠠᠨᠳᠣᠨ᠄ ᠲᠠ ᠨᠡᠳᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠳᠥ ᠪᠤᠯᠲᠡᠯ ᠠ᠋ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠯᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠷᠲᠠᠯ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠮᠡᠷᠠ ᠵᠥᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠥ᠂ ᠠᠷᠢᠶᠡᠲᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠳᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠤ ᠶᠡᠷᠢᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ︖ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠭᠠᠳᠤᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠢ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷ ᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠡᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠲᠥᠮᠠᠨ | ᠭ᠋ᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠣᠩᠰᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠣᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠯᠡᠭᠠᠮ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠰᠤᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠥ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ [ 21.12 ]᠂ | ᠬᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠯᠢ ᠣᠪᠤᠬᠲᠥ ᠰᠤᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ ᠵᠠᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠺᠦᠩᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠥᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠡᠨ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠣᠯᠲᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠧᠳᠤ᠋ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠫᠤᠨ ᠢ ︽ᠵᠡᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠺᠦᠩᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠷᠭᠠᠯ ᠵᠤ ᠵᠢᠢ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠬᠦᠪᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ | ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠴᠥᠮ ︽ᠠᠳᠤᠭᠤᠰᠥ︾ ᠮᠠᠳᠦ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠡᠬᠳᠡᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ [ 29. | 16 ]᠂ | ᠡᠶᠢᠨᠬᠦ civilis ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠢᠩᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠣᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠥ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ | ᠴᠦ᠂ ᠲᠡᠬᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠥ ᠰᠡᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠡᠨᠳ᠋ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠ᠊᠂ | ᠹᠤᠫᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠶᠣᠷ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠲᠥᠭᠡᠮᠠᠯ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠳᠤ ( 1690 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ) ᠣᠷᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠩᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠨ | ᠡᠷᠭᠡᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠷᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠵᠥ ᠠᠪᠤᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠯᠲᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠮᠡᠷᠺᠢᠽ ᠸ᠊᠂ ᠷ᠊᠂ ᠮᠢᠷᠡᠪᠤ 1757 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠯᠠᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠭ᠋ᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠨᠳᠠ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ | ᠴᠤᠣᠲᠡᠢ ᠨᠣᠮᠯᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠠᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ︽ | ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠳᠥᠷᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠲᠢᠭ ᠵᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠬ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠬᠢᠨ᠂ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠦ ᠵᠡᠶ᠋ᠢᠬ ᠲᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠳᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠣᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠢᠴᠠᠳᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠣᠷᠢᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠲᠡᠯᠪᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠭᠡᠷᠠᠬᠦᠯᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠭᠡᠭᠡᠵᠥ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠯᠠ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠰᠢ ᠠᠶᠠᠬ᠂ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠠᠴᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠡᠯᠢᠭᠡᠮᠰᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠷᠰᠠᠬ ᠵᠡᠩ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠷ᠂ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠯᠭᠡ | ᠶᠤᠮ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ [ 32.10 ]᠂ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠥ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠳᠡᠵᠢᠵᠥ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ | ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠳᠠᠬ᠃ ᠭᠡᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠡᠷᠲᠠ | ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠬ ᠲᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠳᠡᠵᠢᠵᠥ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠥ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠡᠬᠢᠵᠥ᠂ ᠲᠢᠭ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠮ ᠲᠠᠢ | ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ – ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ civilis ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠡᠢ ᠳ᠋ᠧ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠬᠳᠡᠮᠡᠷ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠯᠳᠠᠪ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠯᠲᠡ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠡᠪᠴᠥᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠪᠢᠯᠢᠰ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ | ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠡᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠳᠬᠠᠨ ᠦᠵᠠᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠲᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠯᠳᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠲ᠋ᠡᠪᠴᠥᠳ | ᠤᠨ ︽ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯᠴᠢ︾ ᠠᠵᠥ ᠲᠥᠷᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠰᠠᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ | ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠷᠡᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠡᠷ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠶᠡᠭᠤᠲᠡᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠠᠰᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠷᠤᠮᠡᠴᠤᠳ ᠴᠡᠷᠡᠰᠥᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠴᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠢᠭᠡ ᠲᠢᠳᠢᠮ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠦᠵᠥ ᠦᠭᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ | civic ᠭᠡᠮᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠭᠡᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ ᠠᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠴᠡᠰᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠬᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠧᠥᠷᠥ᠋ᠫᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠶᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠡᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨ | ᠬᠦᠨᠵᠠᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠪᠲᠠᠷᠠᠵᠦ 1772 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠧᠷᠷᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾᠂ | 1798 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ︽ᠠᠺᠡᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ︾ ᠵᠠᠷᠭᠡ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠵᠥ᠂ | ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠣᠬᠠᠬᠳᠡᠬᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠠᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠡᠢ ᠠᠩᠭ᠍ᠯᠢᠴᠥᠳ ᠤᠨ | civilization ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠽᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ︽ᠮᠢᠬᠠᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ︾ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠭᠳᠠᠳᠡᠭ | ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠽᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦᠦ ᠳᠥᠯᠬᠢᠬᠦᠦ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃ | ᠯ᠊᠂ ᠹᠧᠪᠷ ︽ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ 1819 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠯᠠ ᠰᠡᠶ᠋ᠢ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ︾ | ᠭᠡᠳ ︽ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠴᠠᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ︽ | ᠶᠡᠰᠤ ᠮᠣᠳᠤ︾ ᠣᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠢ ᠳᠥᠷᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠠᠷᠠᠵᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠳᠭᠡᠵᠥ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠩᠬ ᠠ᠋ ᠡᠬᠦᠰᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠮᠤᠬ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠵᠥ | ᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠰᠢᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠡᠵᠢᠬᠰᠡᠭᠠᠷ᠂ ᠣᠷᠢᠳᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠦᠭᠡᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠠᠷᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠭᠡᠭᠡᠯᠠ︾ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠠᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ [ 32.11 ]᠂ | ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠷᠣᠮᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠯᠪᠢᠬᠳᠡᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠨᠠᠬᠦ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠮᠠᠬᠦ | ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠹᠷᠡᠨᠽᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠨᠡᠶᠢᠬᠢᠨ civilization | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠥ᠂ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠭᠠᠳ | ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠬᠦᠷᠠᠩ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠬᠦᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ – ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ | ᠶᠡᠷᠢᠵᠥ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠣᠬᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠵᠡᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠤ | ᠭᠡᠪᠠᠯ᠄ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠬᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠡᠳ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠳᠣᠮᠳᠡᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ | ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ ᠵᠥᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠡᠬᠦᠰᠭᠡᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠠᠴᠥ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠨ | ᠳᠤ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠶᠡᠭᠠᠪᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠨᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠮᠵᠢ ᠭᠡᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠯᠠ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠨᠣᠲᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠲᠠᠷᠡ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠳᠣᠮᠳᠡᠳᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠦ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ | ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠡᠳᠣᠢ ᠲᠠᠳᠦᠢ ᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ᠮᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ( ᠴ᠊᠂ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠢᠨᠰᠦ᠋ᠷᠦᠩ ᠬ᠋ᠤᠸᠡᠢ | ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠ︾ – ᠳᠤ 85 ᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠠᠮᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠡᠷ ᠬ᠋ᠤᠸᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠡᠬᠢ᠂ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠯᠢᠬ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠣᠳᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠤᠳᠡᠯᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠷᠭᠡᠴᠠᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠣᠨᠣᠭᠠᠬᠰᠡᠨ | ᠨᠥᠰᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠢ ᠳᠤ 155 ᠣᠳᠠᠬ᠋ᠠ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠳᠠᠬ )᠂ Civil ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠳᠠᠬ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠵᠡᠷ ᠢ city ᠪᠤᠶᠥ | ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ᠂ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠢ ( ᠭ᠋ᠤᠵᠢᠮ ᠶᠠᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ) citizen᠂ ᠣᠷᠤᠰ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠥᠨ | ᠯᠠ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ grajdanin ( ᠬ᠋ᠠᠷᠣᠭᠠᠳ – ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ )᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠠᠭᠡᠳ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠲᠠ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ᠬ᠋ᠠᠵᠡᠷ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠬᠴᠢᠳ ᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠠ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ | ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠠ ᠬᠡᠯᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠬᠠᠬᠳᠡᠬᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ᠂ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠯᠠ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠣᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠡᠯ | ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠᠭᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠠᠷᠠᠬᠦ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠪᠤᠬᠰᠡᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠬᠦᠳᠦᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ | ᠲᠡᠭᠠᠷᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠮᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭ᠋ᠤᠯᠪᠤᠳᠠᠬ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠣᠴᠢᠷ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ | ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠶᠡᠮᠡᠷ ᠴᠦ ᠠᠳᠣᠭᠠᠢ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨᠰᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠡᠶᠢᠨᠬᠦ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠬᠠᠬᠳᠡᠬᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠥ | ᠦᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠷᠭᠡᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠡᠪᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠠᠷᠢ ᠳᠥᠷᠰᠤ᠂ ᠣᠳᠬᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬ᠋ ᠠ᠋ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠠᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠠᠨ | ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ︵ᠦᠷᠬᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ︶ | ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠶᠢᠳ᠂ ᠳ᠋᠊᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠺᠢᠷᠢᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠪᠡᠭᠦᠯᠪᠡ | | ᠪᠡᠯᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠬᠦᠦ | ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠨᠠᠮᠤᠷ | ᠬᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠄ ᠤᠷᠢᠬᠠᠨ |