ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤ
ᠲᠣᠶᠢᠮᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ
ᠰᠣᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ
ᠢᠯᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ
ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡ
ᠰᠣᠶᠣᠯ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ
ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠭᠡ
ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ
ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ᠄
2019/12/11
᠁ ᠴᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠨᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠭᠯᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠦᠱᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠬᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ 15 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠭᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠢ ︽ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ︾ ᠺᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠎ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠢᠳᠠ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠡᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠤᠼᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠬᠡᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠦᠬᠡᠷᠢᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠰᠠᠯᠳᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠺᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠎ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠪᠡᠰᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠤᠰ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠵᠠ ᠡ᠃ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠳᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠤᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠤ ᠤᠷᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠨᠡᠬᠦᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠳᠤᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠤᠪᠠᠢ ᠮᠢᠷᠵᠠ ᠨᠢ XV ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠬᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯᠯᠠᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠨ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠦᠪᠠᠢ ᠮᠢᠷᠵᠠ᠂ ᠡᠴᠢᠬᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠩᠭᠤᠷ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠩᠭᠤᠷ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠨᠢᠭ ᠳᠤᠰᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰ᠂ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠪᠠᠰᠢ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠬᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1582 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠡᠳ 1595 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ 13 ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠳᠠᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠎ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠷᠬᠢᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠷᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ᠂ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ᠂ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ᠂ ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠢᠶᠠᠰᠤ ᠦᠷᠤᠮᠴᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠺᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠦᠷᠬᠡᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠮ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠢ᠂ ᠦᠢᠷᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠦᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠳᠡᠷᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠬᠢ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠬᠡ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1607 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠨᠢ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠩᠭᠤᠷ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠦᠯᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠡᠯᠴᠠᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠤ ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠯᠳᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠡᠪᠰᠠᠬᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠡᠪ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠴᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠦᠷ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠠᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠎ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠴᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠤᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1616 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠳᠤ ︵ᠯᠾᠠᠰᠠ︶ ᠤᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ᠂ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠡᠤᠬᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠤᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳᠴᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠡᠯᠴᠢᠬᠡᠷ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠦᠷᠬᠡᠳᠬᠡᠯ ᠬᠢᠬᠦ ᠱᠠᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠷᠢᠴᠡᠯ ᠮᠦᠷᠬᠦᠯᠳᠤᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠤᠬᠦᠰᠴᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ᠎ᠡ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠪ ᠨᠢᠬᠡᠳᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ 1625 ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠨᠠᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯᠯᠠᠨ᠂ 1634 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠦᠯᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠬᠡ ᠴᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨ 100 ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠳᠠ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠎ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ Khoshut khanate ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ᠂ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠪᠠᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ XVII ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠾᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠡᠴᠠᠯ ᠢᠯᠡ ᠦᠷᠨᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠴᠤᠳ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠎ ᠢ ︵ᠬᠡᠯᠤᠭ᠍ᠪᠠ᠂ ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ︶ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ︵ᠭᠠᠷᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠤᠰᠤ︶ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠠᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠵᠤᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠮᠡᠴᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠳᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠤᠰ ᠴᠢᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠤᠮᠰᠢᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠦᠳᠤᠬᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠤᠬᠢᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠰᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠤᠷᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠢ 200 ᠮᠢᠩᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ 3 — 4 ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠎ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠦᠩ ᠤᠪᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠠᠶᠤᠷᠵᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠤᠨᠵᠢ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ︽ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠎ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠠᠳᠠ ᠦᠵᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠴᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠯᠳᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ 1632 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠠᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠎ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠳ ᠳᠡᠨᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠰᠤᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠳᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠨᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ᠃ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠬᠦ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠦᠬᠡᠳᠠ ᠠᠪᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠯᠳᠤᠴᠢᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤᠮᠤᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠮᠤᠷᠬᠦᠦ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠭᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠤᠮᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠮᠳᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠳᠡᠰᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠳᠡᠬᠡᠵᠢ᠃ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠷᠰᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢᠬᠡ ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠭᠴᠤ ᠯᠾᠠᠰᠠ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠬᠦᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠳᠠᠯᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠺᠢᠨᠣ᠋ ᠳᠤ ᠭᠠᠷᠳᠠᠭ ᠰᠢᠭ᠋ ᠯᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠤᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠠᠳᠢᠰ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠵᠤ ᠤᠷᠪᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠤᠭᠳᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠪᠤᠴᠢᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠮᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠨᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠤᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠷᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠴᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠤᠭᠰᠤᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠴᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠳᠦᠷᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠬᠡᠵᠤ ᠳᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠤᠶᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠬᠦᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ 1636 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠤᠯ ᠴᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠎ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ᠂ ᠴᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠬᠦᠴᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠤᠷᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠮᠦᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠷᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠮᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠰ᠂ ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠤ ᠎ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠨᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳᠬᠤ ᠪᠢᠵᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠎ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠴᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠬᠦᠭ᠃ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠲᠤᠮᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠠ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠯᠡ 3 — 4 ᠳᠦᠮᠠᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠎ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠷᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠯᠠᠪᠳᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ 1637 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ᠂ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠬ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠰᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠬᠡᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠡᠭᠡ ᠳᠤᠮᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠤᠷ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠤᠬᠡᠤᠷᠳᠠᠨ ᠦᠨᠤᠬᠢ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠷᠢᠨᠵᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠠᠮ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠰᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠢᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠷᠢ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠠᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠃ ᠴᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠨᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤᠬᠢ ᠴᠡᠬᠢᠭᠤᠷᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠷᠤᠭᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠢ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠤ ︵ᠳᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠴᠢᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ︶ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠂ ᠮᠤᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠤᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠦᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠳᠤᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠢᠩᠬᠢᠬᠡᠳ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ︽ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ︾ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ︽ᠳ᠋ᠠᠨᠽᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠶᠢᠵᠢᠯ︾ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠴᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ︽ᠮᠠᠭᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠴᠢ︾ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠳᠬ᠎ᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠦᠱᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷᠰᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 1639 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠷ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ︵ᠤᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ︿ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ﹀ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠂ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠴᠤ ︿ᠴᠤᠷᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ﹀ ᠮᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ︶ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠎ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠦᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ︽ᠰᠢᠷᠭᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠩᠭᠤᠳ ᠳᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠲᠠ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠠᠬᠡᠭᠳᠤᠨ︾ ᠬᠡᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠤᠬᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠤᠰᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠪᠠᠰᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠷᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨᠠᠩ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠬᠦᠪᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠴᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠬᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠬᠡᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠷᠨᠢᠬᠦᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠡᠳ 1642 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠤᠨ᠂ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠳᠤ ︵ᠤᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ︶ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠳᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ 90 ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ 1723 ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠦᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠾᠨ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠢᠬᠡ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠎ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠯᠡ ᠬᠤᠯᠡ ᠠᠳᠡᠬᠦᠷᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠷᠡ ᠦᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠬᠦᠯᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ ᠎ ᠤᠨ ᠯᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠳᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠬᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠶᠠᠷᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠤᠩ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠎ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠵᠤᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠳᠦᠯᠳᠡᠭ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ 1636 ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠪᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠎ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠦᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠳᠠ ᠬᠦᠴᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠯᠴᠢᠬᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠤᠭᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠯᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠳᠤᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠨᠦᠬᠦᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠯᠳᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠤᠭᠰᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠎ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠬᠢᠵᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠨᠢᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠮᠤ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠠᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠵᠤᠷᠢᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠴᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡᠴᠢᠳ ᠪᠠᠳᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠰᠢ 1655 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠳᠠᠬᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 10 ᠬᠦᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠦ ᠠᠮᠳᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠎ ᠬᠢ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ 1723 ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨᠢᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ 1668 ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠬᠡᠳ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠨ᠋ᠽᠧᠨ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ 1668 — 1696 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠧᠨ᠋ᠽᠧᠨ ᠸᠠᠩᠴᠤᠭ ᠬᠠᠨ 1696 — 1697 ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠯᠾᠠᠪᠠᠽᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ 1697 — 1717 ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ ᠳᠤᠰ ᠳᠤᠰ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠴᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠤᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠴᠢᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠨᠠᠯᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠳᠤᠰᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠬᠡᠢ ᠦᠪᠠᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠳᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠎ ᠢ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠱᠤᠳ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠎ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ᠂ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠭᠰᠢ 4000 ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠮᠧᠲᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠎ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠵᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠤᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ 90000 ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ ᠦᠨᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ 370 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠎ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠦᠱᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠦᠪᠠᠷᠢᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠬᠡ᠃ ᠳᠠᠰᠢᠷᠠᠮ ᠳᠤ᠂ 2014 ᠤᠨ ᠤ 8 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 26᠎ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠳᠦᠪᠠᠳ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠪᠡᠷᠳᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠵᠸᠤ ︵ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ︶᠎ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠴᠠᠳᠤ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠳᠦᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠦᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠰᠤᠨᠢᠷᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠎ᠠ᠃ ᠬᠦᠰᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ 7.9 m ᠦᠨᠳᠤᠷ᠂ 35.9 m ᠤᠷᠳᠤ᠂ 2400 ᠲᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠠ 209 ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠪᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤ 2 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠵᠢ᠃ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠤ᠊ · ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠠᠷᠢ ᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ︵1997︶ Matthew Kapstein, The Tibetans. Oxford: Blackwell 2006. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa, One hundred thousand moons, Vols. I-II. Leiden: Brill 2010. Wang Furen and Suo Wenqing, Highlights of Tibetan history. Beijing: New World Press 1984. Ya Hanzhang, Biographies of the Tibetan Spiritual Leaders Panchen Erdenis. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press 1994. http://www.ayurzana.mn ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷ ᠡᠮᠬᠢᠳᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ︵Ойрадын түүхэн сурвалж бичиг. Эрдэнэ нар эмхэтгэн тайлбарлав, ӨМСХХ,ХХ.,1985︶ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠴ᠊᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠰᠢᠪᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ᠂ ︵Намсрай., Дөрвөн ойрадын түүх, ӨМСХХ, ХХ.,1993︶ ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠨᠠ᠊᠂ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠤᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠷ᠂ 2006 Их цааз (Великое уложение) Памятник монгольского феодального права XVII в. Ойратский текст,Транслитерация сводного ойратского текста, реконструированный монгольский текст и его транслитерация,перевод,введение и комментарий С.Д.Дылыкова, М.,1981
 
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ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠮᠦᠰᠯᠢᠮᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠵᠡᠩᠰᠢᠯ ᠪᠡ ᠴᠡᠬᠡᠷᠯᠡᠯ᠁
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